|
|
|
|
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
|
|
|
|
#+TITLE: Quantitative Methods
|
|
|
|
|
#+TITLE: Descriptive Statistics
|
|
|
|
|
#+PROPERTY: header-args:R :session acj :eval never-export
|
|
|
|
|
#+STARTUP: hideall inlineimages hideblocks
|
|
|
|
|
#+SETUPFILE: https://fniessen.github.io/org-html-themes/setup/theme-readtheorg.setup
|
|
|
|
|
@ -6,23 +6,8 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Title slide :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp-slide
|
|
|
|
|
(org-show-animate '("Quantitative Methods, Part-II" "Descriptive Statistics" "Vikas Rawal" "Prachi Bansal" "" "" ""))
|
|
|
|
|
(org-show-animate '("Quantitative Methods" "Descriptive Statistics" "Vikas Rawal" "Prachi Bansal" "" "" ""))
|
|
|
|
|
#+END_SRC
|
|
|
|
|
* Title slide
|
|
|
|
|
#+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp-slide
|
|
|
|
|
(org-show-animate '("Why do financial journalists need to know quantitative methods?" "" "" ""))
|
|
|
|
|
#+END_SRC
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* What do we aim to achieve in this course? :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
*** Make friends with numbers
|
|
|
|
|
*** Learn how to read numbers, how to present them, and how to write about them
|
|
|
|
|
*** Learn how to use computers to work with numbers
|
|
|
|
|
* Two Types of Statistics :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
** Descriptive Statistics
|
|
|
|
|
*** Use summaries of data for the entire population to describe a population
|
|
|
|
|
*** Use summaries of sample data to describe a sample
|
|
|
|
|
** Inferential Statistics
|
|
|
|
|
*** Use sample data to describe a population
|
|
|
|
|
* Descriptive Statistics :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+ Frequency
|
|
|
|
|
@ -212,70 +197,6 @@ $cov=\frac{standard.deviation}{mean}$
|
|
|
|
|
| M | 89680952381 | 299467.8 | 1.74 |
|
|
|
|
|
| F | 54500000 | 7382.4 | 0.16 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Graphical Displays of Quantitative Information: Common Pitfalls
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Common uses of statistical graphics :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
+ To show trends over time
|
|
|
|
|
+ To show mid-point variations across categories
|
|
|
|
|
+ To show composition
|
|
|
|
|
+ (less commonly, though more usefully) to show/analyse dispersion
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+CAPTION: "and sometimes the fact that numbers have a magnitude as well as an order is simply forgotten"
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/tufte-insanity.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+CAPTION: Another example borrowed from Tufte
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/tufte-fuel.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+CAPTION: Tufte's graph on fuel economy of cars
|
|
|
|
|
#+attr_html: :width 400px
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/tufte-fuel2.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+CAPTION: Nobel prizes awarded in science (National Science Foundation, 1974)
|
|
|
|
|
#+attr_html: :width 300px
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/nobel-wrong.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+CAPTION: Nobel prizes awarded in science (corrected by Tufte)
|
|
|
|
|
#+attr_html: :width 300px
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/nobel-right.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation: illustrations from Thomas Piketty's work (source Noah Wright) :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/piketty1_o.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation: illustrations from Thomas Piketty's work (source Noah Wright) :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/piketty1_c.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation: illustrations from Thomas Piketty's work (source Noah Wright) :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/piketty2_o.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation: illustrations from Thomas Piketty's work (source Noah Wright) :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/piketty2_c.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** The problem multiplied with the coming in of spreadsheets :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+ATTR_html: :width 300px
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/chart1.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+ATTR_html: :width 300px
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/chart2.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+ATTR_html: :width 300px
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/chart3.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Graphical Displays of Quantitative Information: Dispersion :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
** Histogram :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@ -386,7 +307,68 @@ $cov=\frac{standard.deviation}{mean}$
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Graphical Displays of Quantitative Information: Common Pitfalls
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Common uses of statistical graphics :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
+ To show trends over time
|
|
|
|
|
+ To show mid-point variations across categories
|
|
|
|
|
+ To show composition
|
|
|
|
|
+ (less commonly, though more usefully) to show/analyse dispersion
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+CAPTION: "and sometimes the fact that numbers have a magnitude as well as an order is simply forgotten"
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/tufte-insanity.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+CAPTION: Another example borrowed from Tufte
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/tufte-fuel.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+CAPTION: Tufte's graph on fuel economy of cars
|
|
|
|
|
#+attr_html: :width 400px
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/tufte-fuel2.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+CAPTION: Nobel prizes awarded in science (National Science Foundation, 1974)
|
|
|
|
|
#+attr_html: :width 300px
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/nobel-wrong.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+CAPTION: Nobel prizes awarded in science (corrected by Tufte)
|
|
|
|
|
#+attr_html: :width 300px
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/nobel-right.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation: illustrations from Thomas Piketty's work (source Noah Wright) :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/piketty1_o.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation: illustrations from Thomas Piketty's work (source Noah Wright) :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/piketty1_c.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation: illustrations from Thomas Piketty's work (source Noah Wright) :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/piketty2_o.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** Mis-representation: illustrations from Thomas Piketty's work (source Noah Wright) :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/piketty2_c.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
** The problem multiplied with the coming in of spreadsheets :slide:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+ATTR_html: :width 300px
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/chart1.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+ATTR_html: :width 300px
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/chart2.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
#+ATTR_html: :width 300px
|
|
|
|
|
[[file:graphics/chart3.png]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Paul Krugman on Fiscal Austerity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
