Title = {Post-Reform Setbacks in Rural Employment},
Author = {G K Chadha},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Year = {2002},
Month = {25},
Number = {21},
Volume = {37},
Abstract = {This paper looks at the pace and pattern of
employment growth in the 1990s (post-reforms period)
and compares it with the 1980s (pre-reforms period),
based on NSS data, and attempts to figure out the
challenges and threats that lie ahead for rural
workers in India. The empirical evidence calls into
question the optimism of pro-reform analysts on the
all-round positive impact of economic reform on
employment. The study also raises a number of
questions that need further analysis to enable us to
understand better the continuing and likely impact
of the economic reforms.},
}
@Article{jeemolepw1998,
Title = {Non-Agricultural Employment and Poverty in Rural
India: A Review of Evidence},
Author = {Jeemol Unni},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Year = {1998},
Month = {26},
Number = {13},
Volume = {33},
Abstract = {Rural India A Review of Evidence Jeemol Unni Overall
the beginning of a structural change in employment
in the Indian economy is visible, A slow transfer of
labour away from agriculture and toward the
non-agricultural sector has also been noted. This
article discusses the various issues related to the
growth of the non-agricultural sector, the causes
and consequences of such a development and its
impact on poverty. This is attempted through a
detailed review of the recent Indian literature over
the last decade, on the growth of non-agricultural
employment and possible reasons.},
}
@article{jeemolepw1991,
Title = {Regional Variations in Rural Non-Agricultural
Employment-An Exploratory Analysis},
Author = {Jeemol Unni},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Year = { 1991},
Month = 19,
Number = 3,
Volume = 26,
Abstract = {Regional Variations in Rural Non-Agricultural
Employment An Exploratory Analysis IN the third
world, the rural economy has until recently been
equated with the agricultural economy. In addition
to crop production, fishing, forestry, etc, members
of rural households may engage in a certain amount
of agro-processing, transporting and marketing of
agricultural produce as secondary activities. This
view of the rural population's exclusive dependence
on agriculture has begun to change in the past few
years. There is a growing recognition that
non-agricultural activities in rural areas play a
crucial role in providing simple consumer goods and
services to the rural households. Such activities
also provide a humble but critical income to the
landless labour [Kilby and Liedholm, 1986], Rural
households engage in a variety of activities, both
agricultural and non-agricultural. Few households in
any category derive their income exclusively from
agriculture. However, the non-agricultural
activities they engage in are likely to be quite
different at the two ends of the income distribution
spectrum. For the low income rural households, wages
from working on construction work, brick kiln, etc,
and personal services are the predominant
source. There is evidence from many countries that
the extent of secondary employment in non-farm work
also is extensive and important for small and
landless farm families [World Bank, 1978]. For the
high income rural households manufacturing or
other-business activities and salaried income tend
to predominate. These latter activities have higher
entry barriers and yield higher returns than
agriculture or other non- agricultural activities
[Kilby and Liedholm, 1986J. Some non-farm activities
are clearly rooted in tradition and continue even
today such as blacksmiths, carpenters, potters,
weavers, etc, in the rural communities of the third
world. },
}
@article{smdepw1990,
Title = {Non-Agricultural Employment in Rural India: Evidence
at a Disaggregate Level},
Author = {{Mahendra Dev, S}},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Year = {1990},
Month = 14,
Number = 28,
Volume = 25,
Abstract = {Evidence at a Disaggregate Level S Mahendra Dev This
paper furnishes evidence on some dimensions of rural
non-agricultural employment, specifically the
changes in the distribution of workforce in
agriculture and non-agriculture at the all-India
level and in Kerala and Bihar, the factors
determining inter-regional variations in the share
of non-agricultural employment, estimates on
unemployment and poverty for agricultural and
non-agricultural households and analyses projections
of rural non-agricultural workforce in the year
2001. },
}
@Article{jatavsucharita2013
Title = {Drivers of Non-Farm Employment in Rural India},
Author = {Manoj Jatav and Sucharita Sen},
Journal = {Economic and Political Weekly},
Year = {2013},
Month = {29},
Number = {26-27},
Volume = {48},
Abstract = {This paper attempts to understand the processes of growth in rural non-farm employment based on the 2009-10 employment and unemployment round of the National Sample Survey Office. The rural non-farm sector has undergone major restructuring which has led to an increase in the share of casual labour in the non-farm sector accompanied by a continuous decline in the share of self and regular employment. On the basis of multivariate analyses at two levels, this study concludes that though non-farm employment in rural areas is primarily distress-driven, there are some significant entry barriers for rural workers in the nonfarm sector in terms of education, age and gender. Considering the overall deceleration of rural employment until 2009-10, the paper emphasises the importance of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in rural employment generation and the consequent process of feminisation of casual workforce in the non-farm sector that has emerged in the last five years. The results indicate the crisis of joblessness would have been more acute without the scheme. The overall quality of rural employment, driven by distress factors, has deteriorated in 2009-10 over 2004-05 in a significant way.
},
}
@article{coppard2001,
title={The rural non-farm economy in India: A review of the literature},
author={Coppard, Daniel and others},
year={2001},
publisher={Natural Resources Institute}
}
@article{lanjouw2013nonfarm,
title={Nonfarm diversification, poverty, economic mobility, and income inequality: a case study in village India},
author={Himanshu and Lanjouw, Peter and Murgai, Rinku and Stern, Nicholas},
